ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jsuebersax/agree.htm discusses the agreeable measures. This author criticizes kappa. If statistical significance is not a useful guide, what is Kappa`s order of magnitude that reflects an appropriate match? The guidelines would be helpful, but other factors than the agreement may influence their magnitude, making it problematic to interpret a certain order of magnitude. As Sim and Wright have noted, two important factors are prevalence (codes are likely or vary in probabilities) and bias (marginal probabilities are similar or different for both observers). Other things are the same, kappas are higher when the codes are equal. On the other hand, kappas are higher when codes are distributed asymmetrically by both observers. Unlike probability variations, the effect of distortion is greater when Kappa is small than when it is large. [11]:261-262 Weighted Kappa allows for different weighting of disagreements[21] and is particularly useful when codes are ordered. [8]:66 Three matrixes are involved, the matrix of observed scores, the matrix of expected values based on random tuning and the weight matrix. The weight dies located on the diagonal (top left to bottom-to-right) are consistent and therefore contain zeroes. Off-diagonal cells contain weights that indicate the severity of this disagreement. Often the cells are weighted outside diagonal 1, these two out of 2, etc.
Cohens Kappa`s calculation can be made according to the following formula: a joint review of the PA and THE AN focuses on the fear that in may be subject to random inflation or distortion in the event of extreme base interest rates. Such inflation, if any, would affect only the most common category. In other words, if the size of the PA and AN is satisfactory, it seems that there are fewer needs or purposes to compare the actual agreement with the randomly predicted agreement, using a Kappa statistic. But in all cases, PA and NA provide more information that is relevant to understanding and improving ratings than a single omnibus index (see Cicchetti and Feinstein, 1990). Meaning, Standard Error, Interval Estimate A much simpler way to solve this problem is described below. Positive agreement and negative agreement We can also calculate the agreement observed separately for each rating category. The resulting indices are generically referred to as the shares of specific agreements (Ciccetti – Feinstein, 1990; Spitzer – Fleiss, 1974). With regard to binary ratings, there are two such indices, a positive agreement (PA) and a negative agreement (NA).